The Renaissance in India

The Renaissance in India

%... Introduction

                                                  In the 19th century. India had lost of superstitions, blind firth, ignorance evil-customs and the cast system. People were narrow condition and conservative. The condition of woman worst. The evil curbstone like, female infanticide sari, lee-an on widow remarriage etc...........Were Reverend every where, As a result of English education those evile were supposed to be eradicate various movement for social and religious reforms were started. This reform's brought culture and religions awareness and as a result this Evert may be, consider as Indian renaissance, it is believed there it has been started by Raja ram Mohan roy.

%... The Influence of new Education

The perioud of 1835-1855 is consider as the perioud when the British influenced. The Indian in a layer context. This perioud also called the perioud of lord Macaulay who introduce education in English which increased as a fashion vogue day by day. This period is also compare with the Elizabethan period in England that is when a new literature was born. Indian people learning and spooking English and they soon started writing as well.

                                The new education system brought roped changing among people and make them similar to western. This is how people where highly effected by forging language. They made a move to wards new language and that is why Underneath Tagore who was conceded for native language went home to home and requested them not to change their Ventricular language in a crag of for-gin language.

%... Raja Ram Mohan Roy / Brahmo Samaj

Rja Ram Mohan Roy had been attracted to the west he had been repelled by Hindu practices and believes. He was completely influence by Christianity. He informed " Brahma Samaj" in 1828. The samaj's works were to eradicate evil customs like " being sati, child Mirage, Dudhpiti, Dower, Remarrige" by etc... His work was continued by prince dwarrakanth tegore and them his son maharishi Evenhanded Tagore. The members of this samaj had taken seven Vows wise. To best perform to good to worship only the crater not the object to share love among the people , to perform right deeds to keep oneself away from curious deeds in mistake one should to redemption to follow the duties with great faith in god.

It is said that after raja Ram Mohan Roy, is havar chandra Vijayanagar be came the most powerful social reformer of this Samaj. There are many other reformer who contributed there affairs in this Samaj like Chandrasekhar sen, Ana and Mohegan Bose and akshay markup data.

%... Swami dayanand Saraswati / Aryan Samaj 

   One of the important figure swami Dayanand Saraswati was Hindu leader from the panjab and the founder of arya Samaj. This Samaj had various important leader who gave there west effect to reform the society. They tried to effect a marriage of Indian and the west to build a bridge between Hindu spirituality and christian thoughts, to  again in short the best of both worlds. He wanted only a return to Hinduism in its video simplicity, clarity and spirituality also purification of souls.

To purify and to preserve Hinduism were Dayanand's cardinal objectives and to achieved this ends he organized the Arya Samaj in 1857 Praise, prarthana and Up as an a were to be the work was continued by lata HansRaj, Swami Shraddhanand and Lara lajpat Rai. It is said that the arya Samaj has remained a power ever today.

%... Prarthana Samaj

Some of the leader however organizes the movement for religious reforms in Rimhay and therefore prasthana Samaj which is less electric then the Brahmo Samaj and less militant then the arya Samaj Pune and Bombay work important intellectual eentre of this Samaj During the second half of the 19th century and that is why it made cosmopolitan atmosphere in Bombay. Which made it unique among the cities of India. The important leaders like Paramhansa Sabha and he laid the Prarthana Samaj in 1867 two names are vary Kashinath telang . Telang and Mahadev Govind Ranade.

%... Kashinath Telang

He is one of the remarkable figure of the renaissance. He is the men of vast reading . He read in English and Sanskrit and translated many books his a speaking and writing’s on regal, literary educational, social, religious and political problems were marked by simplicity and lucidify as he was as luger. He couldn’t ributed a number of advantages to Indian people so far as the literature is concern.

%... Mahadev Ranade

He was a poor headmaster whose discipline was Gopal Krishna Gokhale who carried forward the work of his masler. Rande was scholar, economist and who belief that the varied races of India could really fuce into the nation. His activities were many could the prarthana Samaj the phone sarvajanik sabha . The oratory an encouragement society the Indian national, congress. He taught history, Geography, English poetry , mathematics, logic and economics and contributed wrticats to the “ Indian prakash “ he was just like a prince among man.


%... The Theosophical society

This society or Samaj was a western attempt to fuse with the springs of Indian spirituality it was founded al new york in 1875 by Madame Blavatsky, Ilcottand William.q.Judge later on this society shifted to madrasa in 1878 and has since functioned from there.

Annie Besant is the president of the society was gathered many prominent Indian a round her.

Indian English Novel

Indian English Novel

%.... Introduction

The word novels is a very novel from of literature in India,epics,lyrics, drama, short stories, have been written several centuries age but it is only during a period of little more than a century that the novel has accrued and taken root in India. One can not deny that Bancis “ Vasavamluri” and subandgu’s “ Vadvadatta” are novels but in saskrit version. We also can say, that the form of novel might be introduced in the 19th century. When the western impact an Indian culture was notices then the development of formal written prise in the megional language accrued with the help of Indian schools cgrilion misslinirise had translated the Bilde into, living language of India the translation if lawsters classes including novels wrouse in India.

%...... Novel in it’s Meal Form

Manywrltrs tried to translate novel for regional language into English. It became more influential to the miaders it also clarifies they anything which is written can be transtuted from one to another language current in the conutry. We can not accept from the literary renaissances in Bengal but immideately the signs of new like be found in madras, Bombay and other parts of India as well.

perhaps the first novel written in Bengali was ' Alater Gharer Dulal' spoiled son of a rich family which came in 1858. The story is about two brothers and the deceilful an who keeps a the interest of the story however the meal begin of the novel is considered to be, start-shed by " Bankimchandra Chatterer" his first published novel in English " Rajmohan's" his first published novel in English " Rajmohan's wife: them he also wrote after that " Durgeshnandini" in " Bengli" which is translated into English later on.

There are other writers like Kapulkundala Vishavrikaha , " Anandnath" , " Devi chauvinist" are appeared between 1866 and 1886 and their English version also.

During this time Raj Lakshmi Devi's ' The Hindu ..Wife" was published in 1876 Tora Dutt's " Bianca " Kali Krishna Lauri's Roshinara in and Dutt's " Bijoychand" and khrtrapal chakravatri's ' Strata and Higana' there novels are written into English and also have historical interests.

Rabbinate Tagore is the incarnating spirit of Indian a prophet of the religion of man Tagore achieved his first success in novels which " Choker Bali ' in which was translated into English as " Vicodin" by Krishna palatial.

%...... Binodini

" Binodini" is the story of a young widow but Tagore's is a sultier the emotional involvement can be felt similar like in a hardy's novel. Bihari subconciously loves as he who is married to mahendra who in his term love the widow Binodini who for her part live Bihari . binodini the ridow of course has no righ to love to be happy in life to be part of society to Eenerrt etc......All the characters try that best to achleve their love but fail.


Tagore's another work " Yogayog" is the portraged of Kumudinl this story is closely regemdai to Ibsen's "A Doll's House" the character of kumudini is similar to Nora's who works about of her husand's house but the story is a get changed in yoga-yog as they is driven to return to her husband.

Saratachandra Cheterjee is also a famouse novelist who wrote ‘ Shrikanta’,’ Grihadaha’,’Ratherdabi’,’Bjpradua’and ‘ Sez prana’, ‘ Shrikanta’, is translated into English by Saratahandra and Thompson Sarah Chandra identified himself with the down out’s and boaly portrayed the twrs and sweet of the lower, middle and have not classes he also tried to present the meajism. It is said about Sarat Chandra that he was the complete summuttanouslt as a comerra as surgern’s knife and also as a chalice of hope.

Some other outstanding novelist Tara Shankar, Bandopadgyaya Naini Bhauamuk Bhyshan, Monika, Gilendra Kumar, Monika Bandopad hayaya, Naini Bhaumik, Manoj Basy are a few who artistsally presented there worker as the storms Bibhutu Bhasan’s lather panchli for characters or the children Apu and Durga Monika his novel like the “ The Boatman of the padma” writers as though iron has entered his soul in his “ Dhaykhakhal” , “ Nauni Bhumik project and utopia” that is to be born as the reauld of the inevitable class war manoj Basa’s Jalajangal has been as “ The forest Goddess” by Badindranath Bose during this time the bengalian novels for sehelowed in India but the western between blows and Indian novels get western taised.

Aft independence novelist in Indian have shown theme selves capable to the influence of american and European models the novels in ider is subject to the discontents and limitation the popular novels always present crime special with sex or wise, vessa the difficult facing the Indian novelist are equal enough for example.

“ What is he to write about? What is he to often to his particular crocus?” the novelist must by scientific or realistic but we final escapism or sentimental morance he should be the engine essential knowledge his language should be fashions as his medium whatever the subject of the novelist would be he should have understand of live in have the understand of love his writing to.

It creative literature novel is considered to be a living an involving genre. The novel written in spoken language the novels written in spoken language to the people is Mather more ebseprising mucher in content wide in a mange, some of the novelist have used the mover as there advanced background for example Nieud xhaudhari Rajanukant, Vardiloi’s “ MiMi- Jiyari”

K.SCenkatrampi’s “ Muragan the tiller” humayan kabir’s “ man and rivers” on the banks of the padma R.K.Narayan’s novels controlled in “malquduon” banks of the “saraya” Raja Rav’s ‘ Kanthapura’ is co tlet at the mover . Hemacatha and in his “ The serpant and the rope” the Gang as is a mover used. Thus it becomes very clear that some of the novelist use his advanced background to lighten their works.

“ Been a Narur’s Sengi patarkdgui” presents the theme of life in the few gardans of Assam thus this novels become assames novel like “ Bengalian , Telugu, adivasi, European etc……. Mulkaraj an and , Two leaves and a Bad” is a powerful novel megarding life in an Assam's ter ester and the Villians of the story is the European, manager were as Rajarav’s “ Kanthapura” takes place in a coffce as few in south India whilemabohar malfonkar’s “ Complete of Shadows” also takesace in a tea stats in Assam some of the novelist use mover background like wise some of them use tea or coffee background.

There are also various historical novels for exple Harinarayan Apte presents the history of Maratha and Rajput into his Vshakal’s is similarity T-Ramkrishna presents history of 16th century in “Padmini” Rameshchander dutt’s “ The slave girl of Agra “ and sir gigendra sing’s ‘Narjahan’ are historical monances kimla Raina’s Ambapali tells the story of Vaishali the dancer who rejects kings love and chooses Buddha A.S.Aalyar’s Buladitya and Chankya and Chandrayapta try to me chapter life in anclent India.

Discussing about modern novels Tagor’s “ The home and the world and Four Chapter” completely suit ti it mukharaji an and “ The sarerd and the suckle” and K.A.Abba's “ Unguilab” covered the politics of the twenties K.S.Venkatwamoies Kandan the patriat presents the did obedient moment in the thrirtiess N.S.Phadke’s “ leavers in the august wind” Bhavini Ghattavhary “ So many hunger” R.K.Narayans “ waiting for the mahatma” and kamala marjandaya “Some inner furry” deal with Indian partition the anarkali between the hildly andashins communities and between Indian and Britain another best example of Partition is presented in khushwant Singh “A train ti Pakistan” manohal malgaukar’s distance durnk present what happen in the classes if portion in Delhi and Kashmir his another work” A aeisben in the Ganges” explore the parersea people in the panjab in 1947this is how novelist also art there with the case of historical and political background.

The novels of social criticism and social protest also formed a distinctive group Romansh chandar duly “ The lack of plrns” I'd a study of a social life in Bengal. T.Ramakrishna’s “ The dive for death “ is woman round certain superstitions that make characters cowards.  S.k.Ghosh’ “ The prince of drsting” ,” The new Krishna” presents the ideals of the east and the life of Navab’s of yesterday Balkrishna’s “ The love of kusuma” is the novels on social in the Punjab and presents realism with romance of mohan and kusuma ashamed Ali’s “ Tarilight in Delhi” is a picture of Muslim life in Delhi.

The Indian novelist was not usually attracted to new techniques in plotting, narration or characters action some of the novelist present sex life published in recent year there are passages in novel like “ possession”,”A lend in the Ganges” and khushavants says” I shall not bear the nightingle” Indian believes and norms were changing every where the stream of conseiois method of narration is marwly try by the Indian novelist.

Example…...G.V.Desani” All about H.Harder” stands apart ti weman novelist shakuntata sri Nagesh in her “ The peacock voices in their city” have also made I telligents and use of this marhod. There are at her various types of method used by Indian novelist are zigeag narration jumbling the past present and future changed the novelist in his new from .

Novel in Indian and the “ Info Anglican” novel merges with the rotalls we have detactive novels as well, like S.K.Chettur’s “ Bombay murder” and kamalascithiya’s ‘detecfive Janki’  . There are phrntacy’s like purusbottam Tricamdas’s “The loving mask” there are phylosopbical novels for example Dilip kumar Roy” The upward spiral” and Rajarav’s “ The sarpen and ripe and Rhe cat and shakspeare” becan’t the new tgoe of novels and that us novels and that is of school life for example R.K.Narayan’s “ Saemi and friend” and Muriel wasis’s “The high for rivalry “.

%....... Conclusion

So far us Indian writing in English concern writers are emerge day by day doubt numberless novels are published in Indian one can not avoid the fast that the best novels are not many but there are some are very good indeed the us the form of novel become interesting ti the India with its novels ideas thoughts and method.

Telephone conversation by Wole Soyinka

Telephone conversation by Wole Soyinka

%....... Introduction of poet

Wole Soyinka is a Nigerian playwright, poet, author, teacher and political activist who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986.

Early Life

Wole Soyinka was born Akinwande Oluwole "Wole" Babatunde Soyinka on July 13, 1934, in Abeokuta, near Ibadan in western Nigeria. His father, Samuel Ayodele Soyinka, was a prominent Anglican minister and headmaster. His mother, Grace Eniola Soyinka, who was called "Wild Christian," was a shopkeeper and local activist. As a child, he lived in an Anglican mission compound, learning the Christian teachings of his parents, as well as the Yoruba spiritualism and tribal customs of his grandfather. A precocious and inquisitive child, Wole prompted the adults in his life to warn one another: “He will kill you with his questions.”

After finishing preparatory university studies in 1954 at Government College in Ibadan, Soyinka moved to England and continued his education at the University of Leeds, where he served as the editor of the school's magazine, The Eagle. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in English literature in 1958. (In 1972 the university awarded him an honorary doctorate).

%..... Poetry Analysis: Wole Soyinka’s “Telephone          Conversation”

Wole Soyinka’s “Telephone Conversation” is an eloquent exchange of dialogue between a dark West African man and his British landlady that inexorably verges on the question of apartheid. The poet makes use of the most articulate means to air his views, through that of a telephone conversation, where there is instant and natural give-and-take. It exhibits a one-to-one correspondence between the two. The interaction between a coloured and a white individual at once assumes universal overtones.

At the outset, the poet says that the price seemed reasonable and the location ‘indifferent’. Note that as a word, even though the word “indifferent” denotes being ‘unbiased’, it is a word with negative connotations. However, as we come across the Landlady’s biased nature; the word ‘indifferent’ gains positive overtones, as it is better than being impartial. The lady swears that she lived ‘off premises’. Nevertheless, the very aspect of his colour poses a problem to her, far from her promise to remain aloof. Nothing remains for the poet, he says, but confession. It gives a picture of him sitting in a confessional, when he hasn’t committed any crime….his crime is his colour, his remorse is solutionless. He tells the lady that he hates a wasted journey. Perhaps his words connote more than he literally signifies. The poet seems to be tired of his life conditioned by racist prejudices. As he mentions that he is a West African, the lady is crammed with silence, but a silence that speaks volumes. A telephone is an instrument that primarily transmits voices, here it becomes a medium for silence also. The so-called civilized world, has these silent powerful issues that need to be voiced. Here, the silence echoes. It is a silence that is the consequence of her sophisticated upbringing. However, her prejudices transcend her to primitivism, living in the superstitious narrow-mindedness of caste and colour.

When the voice finally came, it was ‘lip-stick coated’,well made-up and diplomatic to suit an affected atmosphere. The inevitable question finally comes cross:” ARE YOU DARK? OR VERY LIGHT?”The poet views it as button B or Button A. The question places two alternatives before him: dark or light; The truth or lies. The first option would obviously shut off all doors to him. The term Button B also is the button in the public telephone box to get the money back. Button A is the one to connect the call. The poet first ponders on Button B to get out of his predicament. He then realizes that escapism is not the solution, and decides to face the situation. The words: “Stench /Of rancid breath of public hide-and-speak” signify the claustrophobic nature of the questions rather than the atmosphere.

The colour ‘red’ in “Red booth. Red pillar box. Red double-tiered” forebode caution. The questions were too naked to be true. The speaker at last brings himself to believe them. His response is very witty: “You mean–like plain or milk chocolate?” This is the most apt response as dark chocolate is certainly more tempting than plain chocolate. Her disinterested approval of the question was like that of a clinical doctor made immune to human emotions through experience. Human pain and misery its own saturation point; after a certain point people tend to joke at their own agony. As the saying goes: Be a God, and laugh at Yourself. The speaker therefore begins enjoying the situation and confuses the lady on the other side. He asserts: “West African sepia”, to further confuse her.

Silence for spectroscopic
Flight of fancy, till truthfulness clanged her accent
Hard on the mouthpiece. “WHAT’S THAT?” conceding
“DON’T KNOW WHAT THAT IS.” “Like brunette.”
“THAT’S DARK, ISN’T IT?” “Not altogether.
Facially, I am brunette, but, madam, you should see
The rest of me. Palm of my hand, soles of my feet
Are a peroxide blond. Friction, caused–
Foolishly, madam–by sitting down, has turned

My bottom raven black–One moment, madam!”–sensing
Her receiver rearing on the thunderclap
About my ears–“Madam,” I pleaded, “wouldn’t you rather
See for yourself?”

The last lines verge on vulgarity, but simply out of outrage. The mixed feelings, the random and broken sentences, the lack of coherence of speech, the question-answer mode are all typical of a telephone conversation that reverberates more than it sounds.

%.....critical overview of the poem ''Telephone Conversation'' by Wole Soyinka?

This poem is written by ‘Wole Soyinka’. Poet deals with racism and relation of black and white people. Talk about first world country and third world country. A black man wont to perchance home (land) from white lady. There is telephonic conversation between them. Telephone is symbol of connecting people, it is tool of communication.  But here in poem it shows distance between two people and nation also. Lady represents first world country and black man represent third world country (nation). Here we found Frantz Fanon’s concept of “Black skin and white Mask”. In this poem both are rich, necklace shows richness of lady and black man want to buy home so it shows richness of black man. But lady over power man because she represent or belongs to ‘first world nation’.  Lady is colonizer and man is colonized. Location place (home) white colony and for Negro man it is kind of achievement. In this poem we found that lady asked several question, like ‘where are you from? How dark? Are you light or very Dark? After this there is a deep silent. Silent suggest so many things. Silent is ill manner silent. Here we have one question that who is really dark? Black man gives self-confection, ‘I am African’ and many other things. Word use by man “Madam” is shows man gives respect to white lady. I’m not fully dark, don’t go with my color, and in this poem we found that man give his identity to that lady. But lady not give her identity. At the end of the poem there is one line, “About my ears-‘Madam,’ I pleaded, wouldn’t you rather See yourself?” it shows that what men think and mentality of white lady. When we look at this poem with post-colonial perspective, how white people feel superior and black people are inferior. What white people think about black people? That they are always bad and cruel, black people are barbaric, uncultured and uncivilized people.

%.......Theme and tone in 'Telephone Conversation' by Wole Soyinka

Telephone Conversation was a poem concerning the racial discrimination between the Caucasian and African. In the poem, the poet wanted to rent a house from the landlady originally. However, after he stated that he was African, the conversation turned to discuss the poet's skin color swiftly and it lasted till the end of the conversation.. Repetition was used to emphasize on the issue of racial discrimination. 'Dark' was repeated to show how much did the landlady care about the poet's color, because 'dark' usually connects with the dark skin color of African. The landlady was obviously discriminating other races. It could also be shown from the question she repeated asking, 'are you light or very dark?'After the poet told the landlady that he was African, the landlady's tone changed at once. Alliteration like 'clinical, crushing' was used to emphasize the coldness in the landlady's tone when she knew the man was African.

Metaphor liked 'spectroscopic' was used to compare the landlady's mind with equipment which was used to judge a color. The significance of using this metaphor was to show the landlady was eager to find out what color the poet was.

Throughout the whole poem, the poet used different techniques to show how Caucasian discriminated the dark. He criticized it was not appropriate to judge a person with his skin color. Instead, they should know each other through direct contact and interaction, 'madam, you should see the rest of me. Palm of my hand, soles of my feet are a peroxide blond.'To conclude, the poet brought out the message that there shouldn't have racial discrimination existed.

Tone in 'Telephone Conversation' by Wole SovinkaThe poet conveyed his feelings on racism through a telephone conversation with a landlady. The tone of the poem was satirical and playful.

%....... Conclusion

 This all African poems reflect African culture and what African people think about colonizer people. We found that how British people go there and started ruling over them, enslaved them, make them slave. What are the views of African people on the so called civilization? Generally we found that cultural conflict is one of the most prominent points in African poem or literature. Through this poems we found that all poet tryst to discusses one problem, problem of his ancient heritage because of the attack of western culture.

%....Works Cited

Works CitedDorakhy, write work and. September 2007. <http://www.writework.com/essay/theme-and-tone-telephone-conversation-wole-soyinka>.

jasani's, Nidhi. 2014-2016. <http://jasaninidhi2014-16.blogspot.in/2016/03/topiccritical-analysis-of-poems-african.html>.

M.K, RUKHAYA. SEPTEMBER 7, 2014. <http://rukhaya.com/poetry-analysis-wole-soyinkas-telephone-conversation/>.

Taylor, Elizabeth. <https://www.biography.com/people/wole-soyinka-9489566>.

Indian Writing in English

Indian Writing in English

%...... Introduction

Info Anglican literature is of more recent original and bence beginning could be trade with reasonable, servitude, we certain talk of the winter “ Impact” on India and picture the west and Indian classing destroy creative . But the west was no single entity and really men pirtugese, ducr, British, and France with a few fence, Vermont and Italy and who came in different ways as termagants as a missionaries as soldiers as adventures as administrators and often worked at cross purpose.

%...... The Indian History in its real from

The merchants came to make to it money, the missionaries came to say pagan souls and the soldier administrator came ti achieve the confuse of the country. Fusing this time India was a cast almost an endless cinutry and the means of transport were slow.

Indian is also cindered to be the country or Tittle and wars. The tattle of plassy war 1757 over 200 ago while the East Indian company that inform as early as 1599 . As-specially at this time the British empire tried their affects ti established.

British emfesi over Indian people warren hasty established the Calcutta, Madrassah in 1781,sir William Johncs organized the riyal spadices society of language in 1784anf sir Thomas Mani at Madras's aware rather impressed BT the culture of the Hindus, and contributed his dedication in 1873.

%.....Importance of English language in During past years

The British impressed in India language arose from the necessary as having to cultivate “ A mid-um” of intercourse between the government and its subjects between the natives of Europe who are two rule and the in hesitance of Indian who are to “ Ubey” . This is how the languages of India and Britain made an intercourse during that period similarity Indian people were also influenced by foreign language.

During the 20 years between 1835 and 1855 the period of theatrical and the wood dispensation the number of those educated in English had been repeatably of private English men in Indian to had increased. It is said that even in 1834-35, 32000 English looker said in Indian . As against 13000 in Hindi Hindustani and Bengali 1500 insanskrut Persian and Arabic. The vogue, for English books increased and the demand came even more fro , the India than from the English men in India, western ways in manners and customs in dress in eating in salutation became current in the bigger towns and cities of India.

No doubt the English men have provided much, stonge as helping hand so far as the faciligtes are concerns in 1853 for examples…… the first railway was open in India in 1854 the first telligramline and a modern postal system, where in augaratef English education was a new doree ingested into India life but the imitilted effect were seen only on the surface.

Indo- anglian literature thought here the forgiven Clements main seen to be more prominent. The study of English literature situated literary creation in lengali, Marathi, talugy, him is Gujarati and the other languages and some of the greatest arites of the last 100 years have been men and woman educated in English.

Though Macaulay new that English language would raised out Indians intellectuality in addition to knowledge. He introduced English medium in school one can all ready noticed that English has highlg affected Indians and that is why in co temporary time people are reged towards English than may be as national language now, it is the fashion of writing into English and not into his own born language.

In recent year it has a attracted wild sprel impressed both inindian and a provide that is why it is now recognized as Indian English literature. The part of com monwelth literature. It also occubies a great significance in the world literature. Today's member of Indian writer modern English literature. The cnsigen writers like agree, aurobindo ghosh , Ravindranath Tagore are the initial writers of this literature Raja Ram Mohan Roy is the pioneer and follower of his literature.

%....... Conclusion

Thus , this Indian writing in English literature is the gifted gifted gifted given by those rules literature took place on the carth of Indian. One can’t denied the fact that Indian writing in English stands for a strong purpose which made whether readers or writers strongly influence one of the major reason of Indian writing in English it may he writes among the readers of out conutries.

Indian English Drama

                  Indian English Drama

%.....Introduction

Drama is not a new from of literature in Indian writing in English. The writers have also introduce this from by following the western from of Drama some of the writes have taken English drama for there own drama with some modification . The purpose for writing drama was similar to theme to entertain audience and the readers.

%.....Drama as an Emerging From

Modern Indian dramatic writing in English is neither rich quality nor of high quality.There are the dramatist who Produced there creation like Muhammadan Dutt's " Is this called individuation ?" in 1871 Rabindranath Tagore's play's " Chitra, The post office , Sacrifice, red Olenders, Chandelier, muktadhara, Natir Puja"etc...are now available in English now sri Aurobindo's plays " Rodogune, Vasavdutta, The viziers of Bassori , Eric " were return in English as original dramatic creation.

%..... Aurobindo's Play's in Detail

" Persecs, Rodogune, and Eric," set was organised in syria and norwat where as " Vasavadutta, Viziers' in to ancient Indian and " Persia" respectively all five play's deal with poetry and romance in the way of dramatic technical. The very incident play write " Basa, Kalidas, Bhavbhuti" all have Aurobidian under tones.

%....Rodogune

It was published in 1958 and belongs to Aurobindo's terry Baroda period. This play is located Syria ( it is poet's imaginative location)

Rodogune is captive attendant of Cleopatra queen of Syria. At the death of her second husband Cleopatra's two sons. Antioch's and  Timorous, by her first husband retain to serial from Egypt. They were brought up by their uncle Ptolemy, Cleopatra's mother love is selfish and possessive. As time passes she rejected Antioch's. Who wants to take revolt against his mother and therefore joins Rodogune. Then they fell in love each other. Timocles was also having feeling for her but his crafty chanaller rhayllus with his sister clone's destroyed the brothers because of Timoclus's is affection of Rodogune also follows her lover to his grave and so timescales realist that he has played murders Cain and Vain.

The plotting of the play is good the rivalry between the brothers is brought out very well Antioch is a hero who swayed trapped by destine and is broken at last.

%..... vasavadatta

This play like Rodogune is strong publication it is appeared in 1957. The strong of this play is full of Rodogune. The story is tractable in its main out the dramatic version by ' Bhasa" in his " Svappna Vasavadatta ' but the her sir Aurobindo has given the story a dremetic intensity psychological subtlety. Thus his play is a wonderful mixture of romance and drama.

The hero of play is Udyan. The young king of cowslip. In this play he is actually a passive figure . He is a political rival of Masseuse king as anthill and masseuse kidnapped Udayan and Vasavadatta imprisoned him. His daughters vasavadatta became the gailor but the juiloer becomes herself a prisoners.

%.... Perseus 

This play is also in located in Syria. In this story the center character is not the haro but the heroic Andromeda. The traditional and roamed is a passive figure and Perseus is the misacleworked who saver her form the see monster.

In sri Aurobindo’s Perseus the heroine is very actively she fights evil, her decisive action brings her into conflict with polygonal. The priest of Poseidon but Andromedr’s courage brings Perseus to her side. They both kre united take revenge and there life become fully of adventure of evolution. There is a clash between the old ethic and the new between into that where the new ethic must prevail.

%..... The Viziers of Bassora

The play is pure romance. The slave girl aniceat Janice, and Nareddene the Vizier affazal son. They full in love, and despite the macho-nations of the bad Vizjer Almuene, manage to find favour in the eye’s of Haroun. Al-Rashid the graut and king of Baghdad. This play presents rivairy between the two Viziers . That is why there is a love problem of any a nice and Nureddens. Haroun play Providence and lingerings happiness to the lovers and thwart almuence.

The play is delight to read and the imagery is rich.

%....... Eric

Eric is a similar kind of play to “ Perseus” Eric is the elected king of Norway who is a man of Seating aslaug the sister of Eric’s enemy, swegn, and his wife” Herdha”

They two come to Eric curtdressed as dancing girls. Their aim is to destroy Eric . But Eric full’s in love with asluag and she too is drama towards him. This play present that love wins over hate.

%...... Nal-Damayanti

All five plate underline the need for love because love is the only isolation of all kind of evils love as it supreme trath goodness and power it can defcate death and win the world some of the writes followed the Elizabethan tradition of writing.

Nal-Damayanti by Vasudeva Rao. This is divided into 5 acts and 27 scenes Damayamti and NAL meet in a garden and thay are just a “ Julial and Romlo” The story goes in a way that the eight good are her suitor, but Damyanti can recognized NAL and they get married Vasudeva Rao seems also have published a lot of narrative poetry in blank varse chetan from the origin.” The Mahabharata”

O..... P.A.Krishnaswamy

Another unused verse play is " The fiute of krishna" by P.A.Krishnaswamy (1950). The story is that girl named vidyaratha has a vague thirst for Krishna flute which is really consider to beIndian backtalk's perennial food . She meets the boy mural who is atterescted to has and that marry on the wedding night nidyaratna sees only Krishna's shadow behind husband and she gets very happy and mural feels that she is God's bride.

Later after singing a sensuous song of love he feels helplessness because he can not have the company of vidyaratna. They both die because they clutch the contagion and lie of the fever after wards the flute of lord for she becomes the flute of lord Krishna and marali becomes the stick with which the lord control his cattle.

There are many other important ariter Vasudeva Rao or Krishnaswamy, harlandranath, chattopadyay and bharati Sarabhai, Harindranath has writien many plays of and some of the revolutionaries, two his is best selling workess " The Parrot, is Dedicated to call those whose morality is not a parrot's " cage and concerns only there characters; Man, woman and Tramps.

The drunken man drowns the woman's son thinking it is their son so he would not have his son suffered in this world as he has suffered. Now the woman says that " he was not his son but he is the tramp's son " chattopadhaya probes into the consciousness of a bourgeols poet. A merchant and a worker all three a waiting the dawn when they are to be hanged the story is presented in this " The sentry's tatern".

The last play " The Evening Play" is dediculed to those who may be able to light it towards the new " dawn of Realism"

Harisndranath's plays on the live of the saints are less dramatically effective than his plays of social protest Numerous are the God intoxicated enchiladas whose lives move the hearts of millions in India. In a play like pundit there is a conversion among the sisters Ganga, yamuna and saaswati sake bai, mire bait, jayaleva, Choke mule, Eknath, Tlukaram, Raidas, Kannada, all prefers to rely on the " grass of glance" They also presents the live of the saints and the conflict between human " Power" and divine grace.

His Siddhartha: Man of peace (1956) is a good because his play presents crisis in civilization. They the main events in " Buddha's" life are presented dramctical in prose sconce. The chorus speak from time to time. The main story of prince Siddhartha's deals with age, sickness and death which is followed by his Renunciation and the search for enlistment, prince Siddhartha leaves his wife and son and he becomes Gautama Buddha. There is a truckling scene when he returns to his native city of kapilvastu and meets his wife shareholder and son Bahlu. The language to fulfill the play properly fails again and the other characters Shikoku's concluding the speech.

There is mother Indian writers name T. P.kaliasam's , all is inspired by Purana themes but he presents brilliantly in his play. His play.... " The Burden, fulfillment" were published in 1933, and they are short consider to be very poignant pieces.

The Burden deals with the theme with bhase dramatized in his statue play. In the story Bhardta returning from his grandfather place to ayatollah and comes to know the terrible truth Darth, his father is derd Kaliasam has shown in the play that he can make prose a fit viehiclefor the expression of tragic emotion, fulfillment is a longer play which deals with the story of Ekalavya. Dona's unique pupil in archery lorry Krishna. Eklavya is about to join the Kauravas on the eye of the karukshetra was Krishna their to prevent him not to join the Bravuras. They both debuts about man's duty about good and evil about courage and cowardice about first and last thing's and as the conclusion Krishna is forced to Eklavya to commie one more marred he kills his mother.

 " The Purpose" (1944) is chronologically a later ply which unfolds Eklavya's youthful idealism in archery. He goes in the forest and learns archery through his illuminate apprenticeship  to Drona,but he caught between the  antecedent " Purpose" andthe consequent loyalty to the Gary, what Drona beings here. Krishna completes in Eulfillnemt.    

Kailasam's another play " karna" . The Brahmin's curse was published in 1946 were the denting play very vital role in the life of character. It is written in a mixture of prose and verse. The story is taken from the Mahabharata. The curse on e namelessly that at the mention of his supposed lousy origin he would beparlayed for the nonce, unable to string the arrow to his law is no doubt the spinal column of the play's Nothing, Kaliasam has provide sonnet prefixed andhour to of his hero. 

G.V.Desani's 'Hali' is a different kind of play it was published in 1950 and received the praise for it's originality and the symbolism . The play is having richness , and imagery. A short poetic play Hali is an attempt to present the story of " Passion" . In other words Hali's confrontation has the power of creation and distraction. The characters in the passion plays are Aisha the lord rah, the mother mire, the foster mother and friend Maya, that have been away root, the magician and the narrator of course symbolic which takes is mere symbolic which takes place in the theatre of Hali's soul; he loves his mother Mira he tended by Maya and he loss her. Ten days later Hali's Passion being
. All the issuse of life and death love and hate, reality and illusion. He is tempted and terse he is pampered and punished. In his predicament neither Ia ha nor Mira can halo him. The magician try to invoke the past but he can not annual it Hali's character is affected by beauty and holiness and peace of love but raga"taunts' and threatens. The story moves farther full of lust and violence where and the love becomes all one and this kind of woman it is difficult and possible to find such-love and one has to die to get this love root is death and Hali is death but the love is not dead and death. The main purpose of the story is the tragic parishioner of India it is dedicated to the mother India.

A as if currycomb has published four volumes of play during the last like " The tourist mace, The Clock, Om, Thorns on a canvas, The Restaurant, The captives, God etc......" That no doubt as if is the outstanding and play writer. his striations are inter stings. His dialogues are arresting, and he has a sense of atmosphere; and his plays are act able . His best and special play is consider to be " The Doldrummers" The story of the play is of young man and woman in the Doldrums are court in sad and funny situation at Zuha Beach rita and lize , Joe and Tony are the four the doldrummers.... This play is also about love and sex, poetry and futility and pathos as which also suggest that anything strange and sinister can be happen in this world. Joe goes away rita is left with his child in her womb and his ring as a scalding memory.

The Dumb Dancer is powerful study of Kathkali, dancer to identity himself with the character of Brahma, premise the mental asylum super in ten-dent who begins to take in him . In this dancer the play is indeed an eerie study of abnormal psychology.

Om is anther kind of play which is also culled psychological one it gives the historic attitudes in India and of the quest of the "self" young man are the there prototypical figures to imtrtchange their roles. In the three play transmigration and rebirth are implied to continued the quest the play also discovers the fact that self deception is stronger than the pursuit of the self as a ultimate truth.

'The tourist mecca' makes captical out of the back ground of the ray' The clock' has almost a touch of Ionesco . The captives with it's background of the chines invasion and the tension in the mind of a Muslim who he is caught between two worlds.

La khan Deb's ' Tiger Claw" is a three act play in verse the story is about controversial killing of afzalkhan by shiv-ail. The Shiva Afzalkhan theme has elements of pure drama where la-khan Deb has portrayed Shiva as heroic figure.

Short play and one act plays appear in journals and magazines. It is very seldom that play appear in book form . A pew seem to have had a chance on the stage..... Ex; " Uma-Manchester, Buddha's and Silas in her sorrows" V. Saranathan's Indra, Salvatore's saviitri etc...

The full length plays are K.S.Ramuswami safaris " Droplpadi" D.M.Borgaonkar's " Image Breakers "

other recent successful plays are pratap sharia's " A touch of Brightness " , " Nissim Ezekiel" poem and the sleepwalkers and erusacharan Dan's lapins sahib farce and historical play.

%....... Conclusion

While summing up one can say that drama too is now between a fruitfully cultivated field in Undo-Anglican literature various writer has imitated the ancient story into there play with some of there modification drama has added feather on hate of Indian writing in English literature.